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Echo sounding

Technique

Scheme of echo sounding in the ocean

Distance is measured by multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the speed of sound in the water, which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second. Echo sounding is effectively a special purpose application of sonar used to locate the bottom.

Common use

As well as an aid to navigation (most larger vessels will have at least a simple depth sounder), echo sounding is commonly used for fishing. Variations in elevation often represent places where fish congregate. Schools of fish will also register. Most charted ocean depths use an average or standard sound speed. Where greater accuracy is required average and even seasonal standards may be applied to ocean regions. For high accuracy depths, usually restricted to special purpose or scientific surveys, a sensor may be lowered to observe the factors (temperature, pressure and salinity) used to calculate sound speed and thus determine the actual sound speed in the local water column.

Special applications

In areas where detailed bathymetry is required, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) can be deployed to make a high resolution map. These maps are made using a multibeam echosounder (MBES) that measures the time it takes for a pulse of sound emitted from the AUV to travel to the ocean floor and back. The MBES transmitting and listening devices are known as transducers. A good MBES will have around one hundred transducers, the output from which can be combined in such a way as to enhance the sound transmitted towards or arriving from a particular direction. This technique is known as beam forming. The travel time and direction of the sound return can be converted to a depth relative to the AUV. The vertical position of the AUV in the ocean is determined using a pressure gauge. The accuracy of this process is in the order of centimeters.

See also

Acoustical oceanography

AUV

Fisheries Acoustics

Fishfinder

Hydroacoustics

Sonar

Sounding line

Soundings

Underwater acoustics

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Hydroacoustics

Sonar

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler  Baffles (submarine)  Bistatic sonar  Echo sounding  GLORIA sidescan sonar  Scientific Echosounder  Side-scan sonar  Sonar 2087  Sonar beamforming  Sonobuoy  Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System  Synthetic aperture sonar  Towed array sonar  Upward looking sonar

Ocean acoustics

Ocean acoustic tomography  Sofar bomb  SOFAR channel  Underwater acoustics

Acoustic ecology

Acoustic tags  Animal echolocation  Beached whale  Bioacoustics  Biophony  Fishfinder  Fisheries acoustics  Marine mammals and sonar  Noise map  Soundscape  Whale song

v  d  e

Physical oceanography

Landforms

Abyssal fan  Abyssal plain  Atoll  Bathymetric chart  Cold seep  Continental shelf  Continental margin  Contourite  Hydrography  Guyot  Oceanic basin  Oceanic plateau  Oceanic trench  Passive margin  Seabed  Seamount  Submarine canyon  Coastal geography  More...

Plate tectonics

Black smokers  Convergent boundary  Divergent boundary  Fracture zone  Hydrothermal vents  Marine geology  Mid-ocean ridge  Mohorovii discontinuity  Morleyineatthews hypothesis  Oceanic crust  Outer trench swell  Ridge-push  Seafloor spreading  Slab window  Subduction  Transform fault  Volcanic arc  More...

Circulation

Baroclinity  Boundary current  Coriolis effect  Downwelling  Eddy  Ekman layer  Ekman spiral  Ekman transport  El Nio-Southern Oscillation  Geostrophic current  Gulf Stream  Halothermal circulation  Humboldt Current  Hydrothermal circulation  Global circulation model  Langmuir circulation  Longshore drift  Loop Current  Maelstrom  Ocean current  Ocean dynamics  Oceanic gyre  Thermohaline circulation  Shutdown of thermohaline circulation  Subsurface currents  Sverdrup balance  Whirlpool  Upwelling  GLODAP  MOM  WOCE  More...

Waves

Airy wave theory  Ballantine Scale  Boussinesq approximation  Breaking wave  Clapotis  Cnoidal wave  Cross sea  Dispersion  Infragravity waves  Edge wave  Equatorial waves  Fetch  Freak wave  Gravity wave  Internal gravity waves  Internal wave  Kelvin wave  Luke's variational principle  Mild-slope equation  Rogue wave  Rossby wave  Rossby-gravity waves  Sea state  Seiche  Significant wave height  Sneaker wave  Soliton  Stokes drift  Surf wave  Swells  Tsunami  Undertow  Ursell number  Wave base  Wave height  Wave power  Wave shoaling  Wave radar  Wave turbulence  Waves and shallow water  Shallow water equations  Wind wave  Wind wave model  More...

Tides

Amphidromic point  Earth tide  Head of tide  Internal tide  Lunitidal interval  Perigean spring tide  Rip current  Rule of twelfths  Slack water  Spring/neap tide  Tidal bore  Tidal force  Tidal power  Tidal race  Tidal range  Tidal resonance  Tide  Tide gauge  Tideline  More...

Sea level

Current sea level rise  Future sea level  Sea-level curve  DART  GLOSS  NOOS  OSTM  WGS

Acoustics

Ocean acoustic tomography  Sofar bomb  SOFAR channel  Underwater acoustics  Hydroacoustics

Other

Alvin  Argo  Benthic lander  Deep ocean water  Deep sea  Littoral zone  Marginal sea  Mooring  Ocean energy  Ocean observations  Ocean reanalysis  Ocean surface topography  Ocean thermal energy conversion  Oceanic zone  Pelagic zone  Sea surface microlayer  Sea surface temperature  Seawater  Science On a Sphere  Thermocline  Underwater glider  Water column  World Ocean Atlas  NODC  More...

Categories: Surveying | Oceanographic instrumentationHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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